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In the modern era, representation is the hallmark of democracy, and electoral rules structure how representation works and how effectively governments perform. Moreover, of the key structural variables in constitutional design, it is the choice of electoral system that is usually the most open to change. There are three distinctive approaches to electoral system research. One, associated largely with economics, involves the study of electoral system effects through the deductive method, using mathematical tools to derive theorems about the properties of voting methods and behaviors. A second, associated largely with political science, has a primarily empirical focus, and looks in depth at how electoral rules impact on political outcomes, through large cross-sectional or case studies. A third, and more recent tradition, inspired largely by work in experimental economics, involves experimentation, either in the form of controlled laboratory experiments or in the form of in situ field studies. This volume employs the third approach to report on experiments that look at alternatives to the present two round (majority runoff) system used for the election of French presidents. This system is of considerable importance not just because of its use in France but also because of its wide adoption in presidential elections in new democracies, such as Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Russia and Ukraine. The editors have assembled the top experimental economists and political scientists specializing in French politics to provide in-depth analysis of the double ballot electoral system, and, more broadly, of the effect of electoral rules on the number of candidates, voter strategies, and ideological choice. Ultimately, the editors and contributors argue that experimental methods have great potential to inform our understanding of institutional mechanisms in the context of voting behavior.

Social sciences (general) --- Politics --- Economic schools --- politieke wetenschappen --- sociale wetenschappen --- economisch denken --- methodologieën

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This book of proceedings is the synthesis of all the papers, including keynotes presented during the 20th CIRP Design conference. The book is structured with respect to several topics, in fact the main topics that serve at structuring the program. For each of them, high quality papers are provided. The main topic of the conference was Global Product Development. This includes technical, organizational, informational, theoretical, environmental, performance evaluation, knowledge management, and collaborative aspects. Special sessions were related to innovation, in particular extraction of knowledge from patents.

Materials sciences --- Production management --- Programming --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- DFMA (design for manufacture and assembly) --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- CAD (computer aided design)

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In the early 1990s, major electoral reforms took place in both Italy and Japan; each replaced a form of proportional representation  (in which voters cast a ballot for a party list) with a mixed member  system (in which voters cast ballots for individual candidates and party lists). The reforms were enacted by political elites in the context of divisions within the dominant party, changing patterns of party support, and party splits, in efforts to retain power while responding to charges of corruption, clientelism, and lack of accountability. The experiences of both countries provide a laboratory in which to investigate the effects and implications of the reforms, and, more broadly to analyze voter behavior in the context of institutional change. The introduction provides an overview of post-WWII politics and electoral reform in Italy and Japan. In each of the subsequent four chapters, specialists in Italian and Japanese electoral politics are teamed up to review data both before and after the reforms. Within this comparative framework, the authors explore such topics as changes in party competition, candidate selection mechanisms, and intra-party politics. The concluding chapter considers the longer-term consequences both anticipated and unanticipated of the reforms. Despite superficially similar conditions, the effects in the two countries were dramatically different: in Japan, the new system has taken hold, with minor modifications, while in Italy, there was a reversion to a proportional representation system. As the essays in this volume demonstrate, to understand why similar reforms had such different effects in the two countries we must examine how electoral systems are embedded in broader institutional and social arrangements, and consider the complex interplay of political geography, political history, and the rational calculations of political actors.

Social sciences (general) --- Economic schools --- sociale wetenschappen --- economisch denken --- methodologieën --- Italy --- Japan

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Endocrine disruption is an expanding field due to the numerous chemicals involved and, as evidenced more recently, the variety of homeostatic systems that they can alter throughout life. The gathering of experts from all over the world should help to identify health disorders that are possibly or likely related to exposure to endocrine disrupters. The research needs have been discussed as well as recommendations prioritizing target groups and following the precautionary principle.

Pharmacology. Therapy --- Pathological endocrinology --- Neuropathology --- neurologie --- farmacologie --- endocrinologie --- toxicologie

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Cet ouvrage est consacré à l'ensemble des manifestations dermatologiques observées au cours des diverses maladies d'organes. Une segmentation des chapitres en fonction du type d'organe atteint a été faite de façon volontairement académique : glandes endocrines (thyroïde, parathyroïdes, surrénales, hypophyse, pancréas endocrine) - section à laquelle a été rattaché le chapitre consacré aux carences nutritionnelles -, appareil digestif (tube digestif, foie et voies biliaires, pancréas), appareil cardiovasculaire et pulmonaire (cœur, poumons, vaisseaux artériels, veineux et lymphatiques), rein et système nerveux central et périphérique. Les chapitres consacrés aux maladies rares d'organes où la présence de signes dermatologiques est pertinente et utile au diagnostic, sont volontairement détaillés et illustrés, afin de faciliter leur mémorisation. L'ouvrage réalisé par un collectif d'auteurs dermatologues et spécialistes est abondamment illustré. Il s'adresse non seulement aux dermatologues, aux médecins internistes, aux spécialistes d'organe mais aussi à l'ensemble des professionnels concernés par la médecine interne.

Endocrine System Diseases --- Digestive System Diseases --- Heart Diseases --- Lung Diseases --- Vascular Diseases --- Kidney Diseases --- Nervous System Diseases --- Dermatology --- Endocrine glands --- Digestive organs --- Heart --- Lungs --- Blood-vessels --- Kidneys --- Nervous system --- Glandes endocrines --- Appareil digestif --- Coeur --- Poumons --- Vaisseaux sanguins --- Reins --- Système nerveux --- Dermatologie --- Diseases --- Maladies --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVMEDEC SPRINGER-B --- Diseases. --- Dermatology. --- Endocrine System Diseases. --- Digestive System Diseases. --- Heart Diseases. --- Lung Diseases. --- Vascular Diseases. --- Kidney Diseases. --- Nervous System Diseases.